Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling approach for water treatment applications due to their unique geometric characteristics and exceptional performance. These tubular structures, composed of polymer materials, possess a large surface area to volume ratio, enabling efficient purification of contaminants from water. The porous nature of hollow

Wastewater treatment facilities are facing increasing demands to successfully remove pollutants and create high-quality effluent. Traditional processes often encounter limitations in removing certain contaminants, leading to water quality concerns. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing wastewater tre